Despite these advantages, progress remained slow, as the techniques available to researchers – borrowed from analytical chemistry – were only able to measure nucleotide composition, and not order. Furthermore, RNase enzymes able to cut RNA chains at specific sites were already known and available. Not only could these be readily bulk-produced in culture, but they are also not complicated by a complementary strand, and are often considerably shorter than eukaryotic DNA molecules. Initial efforts focused on sequencing the most readily available populations of relatively pure RNA species, such as microbial ribosomal or transfer RNA, or the genomes of single-stranded RNA bacteriophages.
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